Sigmund Freud
1856–1939The Early Twentieth Century
Sigmund Freud argued that most of what moves a person happens outside awareness. His thought on the unconscious, dreams, drives, conscience and religion.
19 works · 3,944 passages grounded
The collection
The Philosophers
Every thinker here answers out of their own texts. Choose a voice and put your question to it.
- Philosophers
- 148
- Works
- 843
- Passages
- 298k+
- Centuries spanned
- 26
When the thinkers were born — philosophers per century
| Century | Philosophers born |
|---|---|
| 7th c. BCE | 3 |
| 6th c. BCE | 3 |
| 5th c. BCE | 2 |
| 4th c. BCE | 2 |
| 3rd c. BCE | 3 |
| 2nd c. BCE | 4 |
| 1st c. BCE | 4 |
| 1st c. CE | 4 |
| 2nd c. CE | 4 |
| 3rd c. CE | 1 |
| 4th c. CE | 5 |
| 5th c. CE | 6 |
| 6th c. CE | 1 |
| 7th c. CE | 4 |
| 8th c. CE | 1 |
| 9th c. CE | 4 |
| 10th c. CE | 4 |
| 11th c. CE | 10 |
| 12th c. CE | 4 |
| 13th c. CE | 5 |
| 14th c. CE | 3 |
| 15th c. CE | 3 |
| 16th c. CE | 9 |
| 17th c. CE | 9 |
| 18th c. CE | 21 |
| 19th c. CE | 29 |
Which traditions they come from — philosophers per tradition
- The Western tradition 87
- The Indian tradition 29
- The Chinese tradition 15
- The Japanese tradition 6
- The Jewish tradition 6
- The Islamic and Persian tradition 5
| Tradition | Philosophers | Share |
|---|---|---|
| The Western tradition | 87 | 59% |
| The Indian tradition | 29 | 20% |
| The Chinese tradition | 15 | 10% |
| The Japanese tradition | 6 | 4% |
| The Jewish tradition | 6 | 4% |
| The Islamic and Persian tradition | 5 | 3% |
What the corpus argues about — share of the canon per question
| Question | Share of the canon |
|---|---|
| Mind and knowledge | 11.5% |
| Metaphysics and the cosmos | 10% |
| Politics and power | 9.5% |
| Ethics and the good life | 7.8% |
| Logic and language | 4.4% |
| Being and existence | 4.1% |
8 philosophers match
By year of birth
19th c. CE
8 in the arena
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Henri Bergson
1859–1941The Early Twentieth Century
Henri Bergson argued that clocks measure space, not time. His durée, élan vital and theory of laughter made him famous, then dated, then read again.
4 works · 869 passages grounded
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Jane Addams
1860–1935The Early Twentieth Century
Jane Addams, founder of Hull-House and Nobel Peace laureate, made democracy a rule of daily conduct and argued that war must be replaced, not just opposed.
6 works · 945 passages grounded
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Rudolf Steiner
1861–1925The Early Twentieth Century
Rudolf Steiner, the Goethe editor who founded anthroposophy, argued that thinking reaches the world itself and that a trained mind can perceive spirit.
11 works · 2,879 passages grounded
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George Santayana
1863–1952The Early Twentieth Century
George Santayana, Spanish-born and Harvard-trained, read religion as poetry, then left America in 1912 to build a system of essence and animal faith.
13 works · 3,740 passages grounded
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Maria Montessori
1870–1952The Early Twentieth Century
Maria Montessori, the physician whose Children's Houses made a child's freedom a method: her ideas on liberty, the senses, discipline and measurement.
3 works · 1,511 passages grounded
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Rosa Luxemburg
1871–1919The Early Twentieth Century
Rosa Luxemburg told Bernstein and Lenin alike that workers must free themselves, and wrote that freedom is always for the one who thinks differently.
10 works · 4,196 passages grounded
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Edith Stein
1891–1942The Early Twentieth Century
Edith Stein, Husserl's assistant and later a Carmelite nun, argued that we see another person's feeling directly yet never live it as our own.
4 works · 1,183 passages grounded