WorkSøren Kierkegaard

Concluding Unscientific Postscript to "Philosophical Fragments"

Five hundred pages against the Hegelian system, followed by four unnumbered pages in which Kierkegaard owns up to his pseudonyms.

by Søren Kierkegaard1,347 passages held

  • Danish, the original language
Original title
Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift
First published
(aged 33)
Original language
Danish

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Overview

On four unnumbered pages at the back of this book, added shortly before Christmas 1845, Søren Kierkegaard signed his own name, acknowledged that he was the author behind the pseudonyms, and asked readers to credit each pseudonym's words to the pseudonym. The five hundred pages before them belong to Johannes Climacus: the short sequel he had promised to his Philosophical Fragments, grown to several times its length. The book's opponent is Hegel's system and the Copenhagen theologians who taught it, with their claim to have gathered history, logic and Christianity into one finished whole. Climacus grants that a system of logic is possible. A system of existence is not, he argues, because whoever would write it is still living, still undecided and unable to stand outside the life being explained. For such a person the decisive question is not only what is true but how it is held — hence his claim that truth is subjectivity: the passion and inwardness with which a person stakes a life on something. Christianity, on this view, cannot be reached by scholarship, which never gets past probabilities, and Climacus is careful to say that he himself is not a Christian. The book appeared on 27 February 1846, while the satirical weekly The Corsair was caricaturing its author. The Hong Kierkegaard Library puts its sales in his lifetime at fifty copies. In 1941 David Swenson and Walter Lowrie published it in English.

Key concepts

Why is it a postscript, and why unscientific?

A postscript because Johannes Climacus had promised a short sequel to his Philosophical Fragments and delivered one several times its length. Unscientific because it declines the claim of Hegel's system to scientific, finished knowledge: Climacus writes as an existing person about what such a system leaves out, not as a contributor to it.

What does Climacus mean by existence?

Not simply being alive but the condition of a person who is still becoming, still undecided, with a life to lead that no one else can lead for them. An existing person cannot stand outside the life being explained, which is why existence resists being made into a system the way logic can be.

What does truth is subjectivity actually claim?

That for a person still living, the decisive question is not only what is true but how it is held. Subjectivity here means the passion and inwardness with which someone stakes a life on something, not private opinion. The claim is aimed at the idea that the truths that matter most could be reached as results, by scholarship or speculation.

What is indirect communication?

Writing that does not hand the reader a result but sets out possibilities, through invented voices, irony and humour, so that the reader must decide alone. Climacus argues it is the only fitting way to communicate truths that consist in how they are held, and it explains why so much of Kierkegaard's work appeared under pseudonyms.

What is the First and Last Explanation?

Four unnumbered pages at the back of the book, added shortly before Christmas 1845 and signed by Kierkegaard himself. In them he acknowledged that he was the author behind the pseudonyms and asked readers to credit each pseudonym's words to that pseudonym rather than to him.

Themes of the book

What this book returns to, gathered into themes and ordered by how much of the text each one occupies.

A System of Logic, but Not of Existence

Hegel's system claimed to gather history, logic and Christianity into one finished whole. Johannes Climacus grants a system of logic and denies a system of existence, because whoever writes it is still living it.

The opponent is Hegel and the Copenhagen theologians who taught his system. Climacus does not deny that thought can be systematic; logic can be closed off. Existence cannot, because the person who would write its system is still living, still undecided and unable to stand outside the life being explained. A thinker who forgets this becomes comic: a man who has explained world history and cannot say how he himself is to live. The book's length, its jokes and its digressions all serve the point that the one doing the thinking is a person, not a point of view.

  • existence
  • speculation
  • speculative philosophy
  • abstraction
  • mediation
  • objectivity
  • ethics
  • individuality
  • knowledge
  • understanding

Truth Is Subjectivity

For someone still living, the decisive question is not only what is true but how it is held. Climacus stakes the book on that claim, and turns it against every attempt to reach Christianity through scholarship.

By subjectivity Climacus does not mean opinion. He means the passion and inwardness with which a person stakes a life on something. Scholarship about Christianity never gets past probabilities, so no amount of it brings anyone nearer to faith; it can even become a way of postponing the decision indefinitely. What counts is the how of believing, and faith is its sharpest case: holding on with the whole of a life to what the understanding cannot secure. Climacus is careful to say that he himself is not a Christian.

  • subjectivity
  • inwardness
  • passion
  • truth
  • faith
  • religious faith
  • paradox
  • christianity
  • salvation
  • eternity
  • suffering
  • guilt
  • religion

Pseudonyms and Indirect Communication

Why write about how a person must choose through invented authors? The Postscript argues that some truths cannot be handed over directly, and ends with Kierkegaard signing his own name to the pseudonyms.

If a truth consists in how it is held, it cannot be passed on like a result; the reader has to arrive at it alone. So Climacus defends indirect communication: writing that sets out possibilities through voices, irony and humour, and leaves the decision to whoever reads. On four unnumbered pages at the back, added shortly before Christmas 1845, Kierkegaard acknowledged that he was the author behind the pseudonyms and asked readers to credit each pseudonym's words to the pseudonym. The admission and the request belong together: he owns the books and still refuses to stand between the reader and them.

  • indirect communication
  • communication
  • authorship
  • irony
  • humor
  • comedy
  • aesthetics

Within this work

passages held
1,347
distinct concepts
870
by passages held, corpus-wide
#48

What this book thinks together

The wheel takes this book’s leading concepts and shows how often they come up together. The wider the band between two, the more of its passages speak of both. Among them, most often together: “existence” and “subjectivity”.
Concept co-occurrence, strongest first 8 concepts, joined by 28 pairings. 77 pairings reach beyond these concepts and are not drawn.
ConceptPaired conceptShared passages
existencesubjectivity77
faithsubjectivity64
ethicsexistence44
inwardnessreligion41
existenceinwardness37
christianityfaith34
existencefaith34
inwardnesssubjectivity33
faithreligion31
ethicsreligion29
existencereligion29
faithinwardness22
christianitysubjectivity20
ethicssubjectivity20
christianityexistence19
ethicsinwardness19
religionsubjectivity19
christianityinwardness15
faithirony15
ironyreligion15
existenceirony14
inwardnessirony14
ethicsirony12
christianityirony9
ironysubjectivity8
christianityethics6
ethicsfaith5
christianityreligion4

Works held

The author's work in order, this book marked in place. Your-language title first, the original beneath it where the two differ; side chips show which full texts are held.

  1. 1841 The Concept of Irony (Om Begrebet Ironi)

    Defended in September 1841 — after he had returned Regine Olsen's engagement ring, before the final break with her — this academic dissertation is the last book he signed himself before the pseudonymous books began with Either/Or.

    DA
  2. 1843 Either/Or (Enten – Eller)

    The first of the pseudonymous books: an invented editor presenting two invented authors, whose argument Stages on Life's Way would reopen two years later.

    DA
  3. 1843 Fear and Trembling (Frygt og Bæven)

    Twin of Repetition, published the same October day: both books take up a man who must give up what he loves, one through Abraham and Isaac, the other through an engagement broken off.

    DA
  4. 1843 Repetition (Gjentagelsen)

    A short fiction, subtitled a venture in experimenting psychology: one man's account of a journey back to Berlin, and another man's letters about a love he has fled.

    DA
  5. 1844 Philosophical Fragments (Philosophiske Smuler)

    Johannes Climacus signs his first book here and returns in the far longer Postscript; in its author's lifetime this short thought experiment was little read outside Denmark.

    DA
  6. 1844 The Concept of Anxiety (Begrebet Angest)

    Philosophical Fragments had appeared four days earlier under another pseudonym; this is its companion, and it takes a point of church doctrine, inherited sin, and treats it as a problem in psychology.

    DA
  7. 1845 Stages on Life's Way (Stadier paa Livets Vei)

    Characters from Either/Or and Repetition return here, and the argument moves past the ethical into the religious.

    DA
  8. 1846 Concluding Unscientific Postscript to "Philosophical Fragments" (Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift) you are here DA
  9. 1846 Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age. A Literary Review (En literair Anmeldelse)

    After the Postscript's farewell, the first book he published was, in form, a review of a contemporary novel, and he signed it with his own name.

    DA
  10. 1847 Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits (Opbyggelige Taler i forskjellig Aand)

    Begun in the spring of 1846, while the satirical weekly The Corsair was still caricaturing him, it opens the run of signed religious books that fills the years after the Postscript.

    DA
  11. 1847 Works of Love (Kjerlighedens Gjerninger)

    Two series of deliberations, a form he set apart from the discourse because it is meant to unsettle a reader rather than console one, published six months after the Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits.

    DA
  12. 1848 Christian Discourses (Christelige Taler)

    The first book of 1848, the year he later called the richest of his authorship and the year he wrote The Sickness unto Death.

    DA
  13. 1849 The Sickness unto Death (Sygdommen til Døden)

    The first of two books signed by Anti-Climacus, with Practice in Christianity following in 1850; Kierkegaard later ranked the pair among the most important things he wrote.

    DA
  14. 1849 Two Ethical-Religious Essays (Tvende ethisk-religieuse Smaa-Afhandlinger)

    A slim pamphlet, the only book under the initials H.H., salvaged from a planned cycle of ethical-religious essays that he gave up in the spring of 1849.

    DA
  15. 1850 Practice in Christianity (Indøvelse i Christendom)

    Kierkegaard judged it the truest of all his books; with The Sickness unto Death it makes up the pair signed by Anti-Climacus.

    DA
  16. 1851 For Self-Examination (Til Selvprøvelse, Samtiden anbefalet)

    The last new title he published before three years of public silence, and the book whose planned second series became Judge for Yourselves!

    DA
  17. 1855 The Moment (Øieblikket Nr. 1–10)

    The open, signed form of the criticism that Practice in Christianity had made under a pseudonym, carried in a periodical of his own through the last months of his life.

    DA
  18. 1876 Judge for Yourselves! (Dømmer selv! Til Selvprøvelse Samtiden anbefalet)

    Of the books on this shelf, the only one he finished and then chose not to publish; it stands between the signed discourses of 1851 and the open attack on the church of 1854–55.

    DA
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