WorkEdmund Burke

A Letter to the Right Hon. Henry Dundas with a Sketch of a Negro Code

A twelve-year-old draft taken out of a drawer and sent to a minister: regulate slavery rather than abolish it, until it stops paying.

by Edmund Burke39 passages held

  • English, the original language, and your language
First published
(aged 63)
Original language
English

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Overview

In April 1792 Burke sent Henry Dundas a paper he had drafted about twelve years earlier and never used. The Commons had voted days before to abolish the slave trade — gradually, on an amendment of Dundas's own, which is how the trade lasted another fifteen years. The enclosure proposed a different route to the same end. Instead of stopping the traffic at a stroke, regulate every part of it. Which ships may qualify for the trade at all; how it may be carried on along the African coast; how the captives are to be treated on the passage; and then, in the islands, how they are to be governed, and by what road they may be manumitted — the whole of it so supervised and so expensive that it stops paying. Historians divide over it. Some read it as the most detailed abolitionist scheme anyone in Britain had yet drafted; others observe that it is also a design for a lawful, orderly, administered slavery, and that gradualism of exactly this shape is what kept the ships sailing. Nothing came of it. Dundas's copy could not be found among his papers afterwards, and the text survives only because Burke's rough draft was still in his own house.

Key concepts

What is the Negro Code enclosed with this letter?

A draft statute, written around 1780 and never used, in two halves. The first governs the trade: which ships may qualify for it, how the African coast may be worked, how captives are to be treated on the passage. The second governs the islands: how the enslaved are to be ruled and punished, and by what road they may be freed.

How was the trade meant to be ended by regulating it?

By making every stage of it so supervised and so expensive that it stopped paying. Qualification for owners, rules for the coast, conditions on the passage, inspection at the far end. Abolition arrives by administration rather than by prohibition, on the reasoning that a traffic nobody can profit by is a traffic nobody carries on.

What does manumission mean in the draft?

Release from slavery along a road the statute lays down: conditions met, stages passed, permission given at the end. Freedom is something the law allows rather than something the person already holds. The same half of the draft provides marriage, family, schooling and religion, and punishment by rule instead of by a master's temper.

What was Dundas's amendment, and why send the paper to him?

It was the gradualist amendment that turned the Commons' vote to abolish the slave trade into a vote to abolish it eventually, and it is why the ships sailed for another fifteen years. It had passed days before Burke wrote. Dundas was Home Secretary as well as the amendment's author, so the scheme went to the man whose gradualism it proposed to outdo.

Why do historians read the same draft two opposite ways?

Because both readings fit the text. It is the most detailed abolitionist scheme anyone in Britain had yet drafted, and it is equally a working design for a lawful, orderly, superintended slavery, one that hands the institution officers, inspectors and a statute of its own. Nothing came of it. Dundas's copy was never found among his papers.

Themes of the book

What this book returns to, gathered into themes and ordered by how much of the text each one occupies.

Ending a trade by making it unprofitable

Can a traffic be stopped by governing it rather than by banning it? The draft licenses the ships, prescribes how the African coast may be worked, orders the conduct of the passage, and means to make every stage so supervised and so expensive that the trade stops paying.

Abolition at a stroke had just carried in the Commons and been drained of force by a gradualist amendment of Dundas's own — the reason the ships sailed for fifteen more years. The paper in the envelope takes the other road, reaching the same end by administration: qualification for owners, rules for the coast, conditions on the passage, inspection at the far end. Historians have read the design both ways ever since, as the most detailed abolitionist scheme yet drafted in Britain, or as a working plan for a lawful, orderly, superintended slavery.

  • slavery
  • regulation
  • maritime regulation
  • maritime law
  • abolition
  • gradualism
  • enforcement
  • administrative law
  • colonial administration
  • institutional design

Law for people still held as property

Marriage, family, schooling and religion all fall inside the islands' half of the draft, along with rules for punishment and a road by which a slave may be manumitted. What law owes a person it goes on holding as property is the question under every clause.

Two things are done at once, and neither cancels the other. The provisions treat the enslaved as persons — with marriages, children, souls, and a claim to be punished by rule instead of by a master's temper — while treating them as people whose freedom arrives by permitted stages rather than by right. That is the objection the scheme has never escaped: each protection written into the statute also writes the institution into law, gives it officers and inspectors, and supplies the answer that reform is under way. Nothing came of it. Dundas's copy was never found.

  • emancipation
  • marriage
  • family integrity
  • family
  • education
  • religion
  • criminal justice
  • punishment
  • human rights
  • paternalism
  • racial hierarchy
  • consent

Within this work

passages held
39
distinct concepts
129
by passages held, corpus-wide
#240

What this book thinks together

Every arc around the wheel is one concept in this book. A ribbon joins two the text reaches for together, and its width is how many of its passages hold both. Strongest: conscience with toleration.
Concept co-occurrence, strongest first 4 concepts, joined by 3 pairings. 6 shared passages in all.
ConceptPaired conceptShared passages
consciencetoleration2
establishmenttoleration2
religious libertytoleration2

Works held

The author's work in order, this book marked in place. Your-language title first, the original beneath it where the two differ; side chips show which full texts are held.

  1. 1756 A Vindication of Natural Society

    Published anonymously when its author was twenty-seven, and still argued over: a joke that a good many readers, then and since, have declined to take as one.

    EN
  2. 1757 A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful)

    The one sustained work of philosophy in Burke's output, written before Parliament took him and revised only once.

    EN
  3. 1761 Hints for an Essay on the Drama

    An application of the Enquiry's aesthetics to a working art, abandoned after a few pages.

    EN
  4. 1765 Fragments of a Tract Relative to the Laws against Popery in Ireland

    Begun in Ireland in the early 1760s from inside the administration that enforced the penal code, then set aside unfinished for the sake of a career in England.

    EN
  5. 1769 Observations on a Late Publication on the Present State of the Nation

    A line-by-line rebuttal of another man's pamphlet, and the piece that converted Burke from a literary reputation into the Rockingham Whigs' pen.

    EN
  6. 1770 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents

    The Rockingham Whigs' creed rather than one man's essay, circulated in draft for the party's approval.

    EN
  7. 1774 Speech on American Taxation

    The retrospective half of Burke's American case: where Conciliation proposes a settlement, this one explains how the quarrel was manufactured and by whom.

    EN
  8. 1774 Speeches at His Arrival at Bristol and at the Conclusion of the Poll

    Two speeches from one contested election in 1774 — the first on arriving mid-poll, the second on being declared elected — printed together ever since as a single statement.

    EN
  9. 1775 Speech on Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies

    Set as a school text in the United States for generations — and the speech where Burke stakes his whole case on describing a people rather than on a principle.

    EN
  10. 1777 A Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol on the Affairs of America

    A constituency letter as much as a constitutional one, addressed to the officers of the city whose poll Burke would decline three years later.

    EN
  11. 1780 Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in 1780 (Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in)

    Written in the weeks after the Gordon Riots for the ministers deciding how many rioters to hang, and never intended for publication.

    EN
  12. 1780 Speech at the Guildhall in Bristol Previous to the Late Election

    The far end of the story begun at Bristol in 1774: the same doctrine of representation, restated by a man who was about to give up the seat for having acted on it.

    EN
  13. 1780 Speech on a Plan for the Better Security of the Independence of Parliament and the Economical Reformation

    The high point of Burke's career as a practical reformer, and the rare instance of a proposal of his that became law — two years late, and in a smaller form than he moved.

    EN
  14. 1782 A Letter to a Peer of Ireland on the Penal Laws against Irish Catholics

    Prompted by the partial relief then before the Irish Parliament and addressed to the Catholic peer most inclined to be satisfied with it.

    EN
  15. 1783 Speech on Mr. Fox's East India Bill

    Where the case Burke had spent two years assembling was first made in public — the argument of his remaining years, delivered in support of somebody else's bill.

    EN
  16. 1784 A Representation to His Majesty

    A parliamentary address rather than a speech, drafted for a party that had just been destroyed at the polls, and published once the House declined to hear it out.

    EN
  17. 1788 Speeches in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings

    The labour of Burke's last fifteen years: a prosecution he lost, in a case that has outlasted its own verdict.

    EN
  18. 1789 A Letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont

    The seed of the Reflections, written a year earlier and at a fraction of the temperature — a private answer to the correspondent that famous book is still addressed to.

    EN
  19. 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France

    The book the rest of this shelf is now read through, and the one that cost Burke his party, his closest friendship, and nearly every ally he had.

    EN
  20. 1790 Substance of the Speech on the Army Estimates

    The first of the French pamphlets: spoken in a supply debate that had nothing to do with France, nine months ahead of the Reflections.

    EN
  21. 1791 A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly

    The Reflections carried one step further — the same diagnosis, now with Rousseau named as the author of the disease and foreign armies proposed as the cure.

    EN
  22. 1791 An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

    The companion to the Reflections: where that book made the case, this one defends the man who made it — out of the Whigs' own precedents, and in the third person.

    EN
  23. 1791 Thoughts on French Affairs

    One of three memorials on France composed for the government rather than for readers, and printed by Burke's executors in the year he died.

    EN
  24. 1792 A Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Roman Catholics of Ireland

    Timed for a relief bill coming before the Dublin Parliament and addressed to the member who would carry it, in the hope of enlarging the bill before it passed.

    EN
  25. 1792 A Letter to the Right Hon. Henry Dundas with a Sketch of a Negro Code you are here EN
  26. 1793 A Letter to Richard Burke on Protestant Ascendency in Ireland

    The Irish argument compressed into a single phrase — a companion to the Langrishe letters, and the one that goes after the vocabulary of the settlement rather than its law.

    EN
  27. 1793 Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France

    The last of the three memorials Burke wrote for ministers on France, addressed to a government that took none of its advice, and printed after both the writer and the coalition were gone.

    EN
  28. 1794 Preface to the Address of M. Brissot to His Constituents

    Burke fronting somebody else's book — an English translation of a Girondin's self-defence, published the year after its author had been executed by his own revolution.

    EN
  29. 1795 A Letter to William Elliot

    The trial run for A Letter to a Noble Lord — the same posture at a smaller target, and not printed until after his death.

    EN
  30. 1795 A Letter to William Smith on the Subject of Catholic Emancipation

    A letter rather than a pamphlet, and the most compact statement of his religious settlement Burke ever managed — written while he still believed the Irish question would be settled in his lifetime.

    EN
  31. 1795 Fourth Letter on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Numbered fourth and written first: a private version, addressed to a correspondent sacked that spring, of the case the Three Letters would put publicly a year later.

    EN
  32. 1795 Second Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Catholic Question

    Second thoughts to the recipient of a famous first letter, three years on, after Earl Fitzwilliam's recall had killed the measure it argued for.

    EN
  33. 1795 Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

    The nearest thing to a treatise on economics Burke ever wrote, produced as advice to a prime minister during a famine and printed three years after his death.

    EN
  34. 1796 A Letter to a Noble Lord

    A personal answer to a personal attack, written eighteen months after his son's death, and the most admired single piece of writing in Burke's output.

    EN
  35. 1796 Three Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Burke's last public argument, issued while the negotiation it attacked was under way, and in an eleventh edition before the year was out.

    EN
  36. Fragments and Notes of Speeches in Parliament

    Notes and unfinished passages that Burke preserved for a book he never wrote, printed after his death by his executors from the papers he left.

    EN
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