WorkEdmund Burke

Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France

A memorial telling the coalition it was losing because it was fighting France for territory instead of for a government.

by Edmund Burke88 passages held

  • English, the original language, and your language
First published
(aged 64)
Original language
English

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Overview

Prussia was making war on France in 1793 and helping itself to Poland in the same season, and Burke made the second fact the explanation of the first. Written for ministers late that year and left unpublished in his lifetime, the memorial argues that the coalition had misjudged the kind of war it was in. It was conducting the sort of war Europe had fought for a century — take a fortress, extract an indemnity, exchange a province at the peace — against an enemy that was not a state pursuing interests but a doctrine gathering adherents. Against that, captured ground is worth nothing: no French party will rise for foreigners who plainly intend to keep Dunkirk. The remedy was to make it a war for the restoration of the lawful government of France and nothing besides — a cause Frenchmen could join rather than an occupation they could only resent. They did not. The war ran the way he said it would, and the paper appeared in 1797 in the same posthumous volume as his two earlier memorials — by which time Bonaparte was in Italy and the first coalition had come apart.

Key concepts

What kind of document is this, and who was meant to read it?

A memorial written for ministers late in 1793, not a pamphlet for the public, and left unpublished in Burke's lifetime. It is the last of three he wrote for the government on France. It reached print in 1797 in the same posthumous volume as the earlier two, by which time Bonaparte was in Italy and the first coalition had come apart.

What does it mean to call the enemy a doctrine rather than a state?

A state pursues interests and can be made to recalculate by defeat; a doctrine gathers adherents and can spare whatever ground is taken from it. The coalition was fighting the second kind of enemy with the methods that work on the first. Settling which of the two it faced is the argument the memorial makes before it says anything about where the armies should go.

What was the old form of European war the allies were fighting?

Take a fortress, extract an indemnity, exchange a province at the peace. That is the practice a century of European war had settled into, and it assumes a government whose calculations a defeat can alter. Against France in 1793 it misses its target, and every siege won on those terms hardens the thing being fought.

What single object did the memorial want the war fought for?

The restoration of the lawful government of France, and nothing besides: no province kept, no indemnity taken, nothing that turns a cause into an occupation. Legitimacy is working here as an instrument rather than a piety, since it is the one object that gives Frenchmen who hate the new order somewhere to stand. Amnesty terms and promises about property follow from it.

Why does keeping Dunkirk matter so much to the argument?

Because it tells the French what the war is really for. No French party will rise for allies who plainly mean to keep the ground they take; a coalition that holds its conquests offers Frenchmen a choice of masters, and they will choose their own. One retained fortress is enough to make the cause unjoinable.

What has Prussia's share of Poland to do with the French war?

It explains how Prussia fought. An alliance whose members expect to be paid can fight only for objects that divide at a peace, and the lawful government of another country is not one of them, so the war drifts back to fortresses and provinces however it is announced. Prussia was making war on France and helping itself to Poland in the same season.

Themes of the book

What this book returns to, gathered into themes and ordered by how much of the text each one occupies.

Fighting a doctrine as though it were a state

How do you make war on an enemy that is not a country pursuing interests but an opinion gathering adherents? The coalition was fighting for fortresses and indemnities, and the memorial tells ministers that against this enemy captured ground buys nothing.

A century of European war had settled the form: take a fortress, extract an indemnity, trade a province at the peace. Against France in 1793 the form misses its target. What holds this enemy together is not a government whose calculations a defeat can alter but a doctrine that recruits, and territory taken from it is territory it can spare. Worse, every siege won that way hardens the thing being fought: no French party will rise for allies who plainly intend to keep Dunkirk. The war then ran exactly as the paper said it would.

  • war and peace
  • war and diplomacy
  • foreign intervention
  • balance of power
  • international relations
  • revolution
  • civil war
  • political prudence

A cause the French themselves could join

Restoration of the lawful government of France and nothing besides: that, ministers are told, is the only object for which Frenchmen would join the war rather than resist it. No province kept, no indemnity taken, nothing that turns a cause into an occupation.

Legitimacy works here as an instrument rather than a piety. A war announced as the recovery of France's lawful government gives the Frenchmen who hate the new order somewhere to stand; a war that keeps what it captures leaves them only a choice of masters, and they will choose their own. Everything else follows from that single object — the terms of an amnesty, what is promised about property, what a restored authority may punish. The allies adopted none of it, and the coalition had come apart by the time the memorial reached print in 1797.

  • monarchy
  • political restoration
  • political legitimacy
  • legitimacy
  • amnesty
  • property
  • political representation
  • representation
  • political order
  • constitutionalism

Preaching legitimacy while taking Poland

Can powers helping themselves to a neighbour's territory fight a credible war for lawful government elsewhere? Prussia was doing both in 1793, and its Polish appetite is what explains the way it fought in France.

The conduct of the campaign is traced to the acquisitions its members expected, not to bad generalship. An alliance in which each power waits to be paid must fight for objects that can be divided at a peace, and the lawful government of another country is not one of them — so the war drifts back to fortresses and provinces however it is announced. That is why the memorial argues about what the alliance is for before it argues about where the armies should go. Ministers took none of the advice, and it was published after both writer and coalition were gone.

  • sovereignty
  • state sovereignty
  • international law
  • diplomacy
  • alliances
  • negotiation
  • prudence
  • justice

Within this work

passages held
88
distinct concepts
192
by passages held, corpus-wide
#192

What this book thinks together

Every arc around the wheel is one concept in this book. A ribbon joins two the text reaches for together, and its width is how many of its passages hold both. Strongest: corruption with governance.
Concept co-occurrence, strongest first 8 concepts, joined by 15 pairings. 64 shared passages in all. 30 weaker pairings reach beyond these concepts and are not drawn.
ConceptPaired conceptShared passages
corruptiongovernance12
agencycorruption10
accountabilitycorruption6
accountabilitytransparency5
agencygovernance5
corruptionfiduciary duty5
accountabilityevidence3
administrationcorruption3
corruptiontransparency3
accountabilityadministration2
accountabilitygovernance2
administrationgovernance2
agencyfiduciary duty2
corruptionevidence2
evidencetransparency2

Works held

The author's work in order, this book marked in place. Your-language title first, the original beneath it where the two differ; side chips show which full texts are held.

  1. 1756 A Vindication of Natural Society

    Published anonymously when its author was twenty-seven, and still argued over: a joke that a good many readers, then and since, have declined to take as one.

    EN
  2. 1757 A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful)

    The one sustained work of philosophy in Burke's output, written before Parliament took him and revised only once.

    EN
  3. 1761 Hints for an Essay on the Drama

    An application of the Enquiry's aesthetics to a working art, abandoned after a few pages.

    EN
  4. 1765 Fragments of a Tract Relative to the Laws against Popery in Ireland

    Begun in Ireland in the early 1760s from inside the administration that enforced the penal code, then set aside unfinished for the sake of a career in England.

    EN
  5. 1769 Observations on a Late Publication on the Present State of the Nation

    A line-by-line rebuttal of another man's pamphlet, and the piece that converted Burke from a literary reputation into the Rockingham Whigs' pen.

    EN
  6. 1770 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents

    The Rockingham Whigs' creed rather than one man's essay, circulated in draft for the party's approval.

    EN
  7. 1774 Speech on American Taxation

    The retrospective half of Burke's American case: where Conciliation proposes a settlement, this one explains how the quarrel was manufactured and by whom.

    EN
  8. 1774 Speeches at His Arrival at Bristol and at the Conclusion of the Poll

    Two speeches from one contested election in 1774 — the first on arriving mid-poll, the second on being declared elected — printed together ever since as a single statement.

    EN
  9. 1775 Speech on Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies

    Set as a school text in the United States for generations — and the speech where Burke stakes his whole case on describing a people rather than on a principle.

    EN
  10. 1777 A Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol on the Affairs of America

    A constituency letter as much as a constitutional one, addressed to the officers of the city whose poll Burke would decline three years later.

    EN
  11. 1780 Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in 1780 (Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in)

    Written in the weeks after the Gordon Riots for the ministers deciding how many rioters to hang, and never intended for publication.

    EN
  12. 1780 Speech at the Guildhall in Bristol Previous to the Late Election

    The far end of the story begun at Bristol in 1774: the same doctrine of representation, restated by a man who was about to give up the seat for having acted on it.

    EN
  13. 1780 Speech on a Plan for the Better Security of the Independence of Parliament and the Economical Reformation

    The high point of Burke's career as a practical reformer, and the rare instance of a proposal of his that became law — two years late, and in a smaller form than he moved.

    EN
  14. 1782 A Letter to a Peer of Ireland on the Penal Laws against Irish Catholics

    Prompted by the partial relief then before the Irish Parliament and addressed to the Catholic peer most inclined to be satisfied with it.

    EN
  15. 1783 Speech on Mr. Fox's East India Bill

    Where the case Burke had spent two years assembling was first made in public — the argument of his remaining years, delivered in support of somebody else's bill.

    EN
  16. 1784 A Representation to His Majesty

    A parliamentary address rather than a speech, drafted for a party that had just been destroyed at the polls, and published once the House declined to hear it out.

    EN
  17. 1788 Speeches in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings

    The labour of Burke's last fifteen years: a prosecution he lost, in a case that has outlasted its own verdict.

    EN
  18. 1789 A Letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont

    The seed of the Reflections, written a year earlier and at a fraction of the temperature — a private answer to the correspondent that famous book is still addressed to.

    EN
  19. 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France

    The book the rest of this shelf is now read through, and the one that cost Burke his party, his closest friendship, and nearly every ally he had.

    EN
  20. 1790 Substance of the Speech on the Army Estimates

    The first of the French pamphlets: spoken in a supply debate that had nothing to do with France, nine months ahead of the Reflections.

    EN
  21. 1791 A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly

    The Reflections carried one step further — the same diagnosis, now with Rousseau named as the author of the disease and foreign armies proposed as the cure.

    EN
  22. 1791 An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

    The companion to the Reflections: where that book made the case, this one defends the man who made it — out of the Whigs' own precedents, and in the third person.

    EN
  23. 1791 Thoughts on French Affairs

    One of three memorials on France composed for the government rather than for readers, and printed by Burke's executors in the year he died.

    EN
  24. 1792 A Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Roman Catholics of Ireland

    Timed for a relief bill coming before the Dublin Parliament and addressed to the member who would carry it, in the hope of enlarging the bill before it passed.

    EN
  25. 1792 A Letter to the Right Hon. Henry Dundas with a Sketch of a Negro Code

    Not an argument but a covering letter with a draft statute attached — written around 1780, sent to a Home Secretary twelve years later, and never introduced anywhere.

    EN
  26. 1793 A Letter to Richard Burke on Protestant Ascendency in Ireland

    The Irish argument compressed into a single phrase — a companion to the Langrishe letters, and the one that goes after the vocabulary of the settlement rather than its law.

    EN
  27. 1793 Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France you are here EN
  28. 1794 Preface to the Address of M. Brissot to His Constituents

    Burke fronting somebody else's book — an English translation of a Girondin's self-defence, published the year after its author had been executed by his own revolution.

    EN
  29. 1795 A Letter to William Elliot

    The trial run for A Letter to a Noble Lord — the same posture at a smaller target, and not printed until after his death.

    EN
  30. 1795 A Letter to William Smith on the Subject of Catholic Emancipation

    A letter rather than a pamphlet, and the most compact statement of his religious settlement Burke ever managed — written while he still believed the Irish question would be settled in his lifetime.

    EN
  31. 1795 Fourth Letter on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Numbered fourth and written first: a private version, addressed to a correspondent sacked that spring, of the case the Three Letters would put publicly a year later.

    EN
  32. 1795 Second Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Catholic Question

    Second thoughts to the recipient of a famous first letter, three years on, after Earl Fitzwilliam's recall had killed the measure it argued for.

    EN
  33. 1795 Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

    The nearest thing to a treatise on economics Burke ever wrote, produced as advice to a prime minister during a famine and printed three years after his death.

    EN
  34. 1796 A Letter to a Noble Lord

    A personal answer to a personal attack, written eighteen months after his son's death, and the most admired single piece of writing in Burke's output.

    EN
  35. 1796 Three Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Burke's last public argument, issued while the negotiation it attacked was under way, and in an eleventh edition before the year was out.

    EN
  36. Fragments and Notes of Speeches in Parliament

    Notes and unfinished passages that Burke preserved for a book he never wrote, printed after his death by his executors from the papers he left.

    EN
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