WorkEdmund Burke

Three Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

Published as a British envoy was on his way to Paris to negotiate, and argued in shipping and revenue figures as much as in principle.

by Edmund Burke297 passages held

  • English, the original language, and your language
First published
(aged 67)
Original language
English

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Overview

Lord Malmesbury travelled to Paris in the autumn of 1796 to negotiate a peace with the Directory, and Burke put out two letters against the attempt in October while the mission was still sitting. A third was written, and the three were gathered together only afterwards. His case is that Britain has mistaken who is on the other side of the table: France is no longer a country with interests that can be weighed against ours, but an armed doctrine, a system that subsists by expanding, so that a treaty with it is not a settlement but an interval it intends to use. Then he counts. Population, revenue, shipping, manufactures, the state of the debt, all set out to show that Britain has the means to go on and that national exhaustion is a story told by ministers who have lost their nerve rather than a condition of the country. The letters sold heavily; the Gentleman's Magazine came away persuaded that a peace with France was not to be had. Malmesbury's mission collapsed regardless: the Directory would not give back the Austrian Netherlands, and in December it expelled him. Burke died the following July with the third letter still unprinted.

Key concepts

What does Burke mean by a regicide government?

Burke uses regicide government for a power founded on the overthrow and execution of a lawful sovereign, not merely for a cabinet that happens to rule France. In the 1796 letters, the phrase joins an act of violence to a continuing claim of authority: the Directory inherits the revolution’s institutions without answering for the revolution’s victims. That makes recognition an issue of accountability, not etiquette.

Why does Burke distrust the French Directory’s diplomatic language?

Burke treats the Directory’s proposals as political acts, not neutral words. Their language cannot be detached from the regime’s conduct, because diplomacy can conceal coercion, fraud, or an attempt to turn conquest into accepted authority. He therefore tests credibility against administration, justice, and the treatment of those subjected to revolutionary power. A promise made by an unaccountable government does not acquire trust merely by appearing in a negotiation.

What does Burke mean by public law in this dispute?

For Burke, public law supplies the rules that make dealings between states more than bargains between armed powers. It protects sovereignty, property, and political obligation across changes of convenience. The French Revolution challenges that order by making force the source of authority and then demanding that other governments treat the result as regular. His letters ask whether a treaty can repair that breach without surrendering the rule it presupposes.

Why does property matter in Burke’s case against revolutionary rule?

Property matters because Burke sees revolutionary power attacking the conditions that let citizens possess and transmit what is theirs. Confiscation is therefore not an isolated abuse but evidence of arbitrary government: a regime that can seize property without due process can also redefine rights without consent. In the letters, this record bears on diplomacy, since peace with such a power may protect an arrangement while leaving its victims unaccountable.

Themes of the book

What this book returns to, gathered into themes and ordered by how much of the text each one occupies.

Peace with a Regicide Government

Can a state negotiate peace with a government whose authority rests on revolution, violence, and the rejection of lawful sovereignty? The answer determines whether diplomacy preserves justice or converts accommodation into complicity.

Burke treats a peace proposal in 1796 as a test of whether Britain can bargain with a government born through regicide without granting it moral and political legitimacy. He attacks the Directory’s claims to lawful authority, connects diplomacy to accountability, and warns that coercion and deception can make negotiation a surrender of judgment rather than a route to security. Against expedient administration, he sets sovereignty restrained by justice, evidence, and responsibility.

  • evidence
  • justice
  • authority
  • coercion
  • legitimacy
  • sovereignty
  • power
  • testimony
  • tyranny
  • diplomacy
  • responsibility
  • usurpation
  • rhetoric
  • revolution
  • war and peace
  • international relations
  • war
  • political judgment

Within this work

passages held
297
distinct concepts
451
by passages held, corpus-wide
#102

What this book thinks together

Every arc around the wheel is one concept in this book. A ribbon joins two the text reaches for together, and its width is how many of its passages hold both. Strongest: accountability with governance.
Concept co-occurrence, strongest first 8 concepts, joined by 20 pairings. 103 shared passages in all. 80 weaker pairings reach beyond these concepts and are not drawn.
ConceptPaired conceptShared passages
accountabilitygovernance12
corruptiongovernance11
evidencegovernance9
accountabilitycorruption8
accountabilityevidence7
accountabilityadministration6
authoritycoercion6
accountabilityjustice5
administrationgovernance5
corruptionjustice5
evidencejustice5
authorityjustice4
governancejustice4
administrationcorruption3
authorityevidence3
accountabilityauthority2
administrationcoercion2
administrationjustice2
authoritycorruption2
authoritygovernance2

Works held

The author's work in order, this book marked in place. Your-language title first, the original beneath it where the two differ; side chips show which full texts are held.

  1. 1756 A Vindication of Natural Society

    Published anonymously when its author was twenty-seven, and still argued over: a joke that a good many readers, then and since, have declined to take as one.

    EN
  2. 1757 A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful)

    The one sustained work of philosophy in Burke's output, written before Parliament took him and revised only once.

    EN
  3. 1761 Hints for an Essay on the Drama

    An application of the Enquiry's aesthetics to a working art, abandoned after a few pages.

    EN
  4. 1765 Fragments of a Tract Relative to the Laws against Popery in Ireland

    Begun in Ireland in the early 1760s from inside the administration that enforced the penal code, then set aside unfinished for the sake of a career in England.

    EN
  5. 1769 Observations on a Late Publication on the Present State of the Nation

    A line-by-line rebuttal of another man's pamphlet, and the piece that converted Burke from a literary reputation into the Rockingham Whigs' pen.

    EN
  6. 1770 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents

    The Rockingham Whigs' creed rather than one man's essay, circulated in draft for the party's approval.

    EN
  7. 1774 Speech on American Taxation

    The retrospective half of Burke's American case: where Conciliation proposes a settlement, this one explains how the quarrel was manufactured and by whom.

    EN
  8. 1774 Speeches at His Arrival at Bristol and at the Conclusion of the Poll

    Two speeches from one contested election in 1774 — the first on arriving mid-poll, the second on being declared elected — printed together ever since as a single statement.

    EN
  9. 1775 Speech on Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies

    Set as a school text in the United States for generations — and the speech where Burke stakes his whole case on describing a people rather than on a principle.

    EN
  10. 1777 A Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol on the Affairs of America

    A constituency letter as much as a constitutional one, addressed to the officers of the city whose poll Burke would decline three years later.

    EN
  11. 1780 Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in 1780 (Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in)

    Written in the weeks after the Gordon Riots for the ministers deciding how many rioters to hang, and never intended for publication.

    EN
  12. 1780 Speech at the Guildhall in Bristol Previous to the Late Election

    The far end of the story begun at Bristol in 1774: the same doctrine of representation, restated by a man who was about to give up the seat for having acted on it.

    EN
  13. 1780 Speech on a Plan for the Better Security of the Independence of Parliament and the Economical Reformation

    The high point of Burke's career as a practical reformer, and the rare instance of a proposal of his that became law — two years late, and in a smaller form than he moved.

    EN
  14. 1782 A Letter to a Peer of Ireland on the Penal Laws against Irish Catholics

    Prompted by the partial relief then before the Irish Parliament and addressed to the Catholic peer most inclined to be satisfied with it.

    EN
  15. 1783 Speech on Mr. Fox's East India Bill

    Where the case Burke had spent two years assembling was first made in public — the argument of his remaining years, delivered in support of somebody else's bill.

    EN
  16. 1784 A Representation to His Majesty

    A parliamentary address rather than a speech, drafted for a party that had just been destroyed at the polls, and published once the House declined to hear it out.

    EN
  17. 1788 Speeches in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings

    The labour of Burke's last fifteen years: a prosecution he lost, in a case that has outlasted its own verdict.

    EN
  18. 1789 A Letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont

    The seed of the Reflections, written a year earlier and at a fraction of the temperature — a private answer to the correspondent that famous book is still addressed to.

    EN
  19. 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France

    The book the rest of this shelf is now read through, and the one that cost Burke his party, his closest friendship, and nearly every ally he had.

    EN
  20. 1790 Substance of the Speech on the Army Estimates

    The first of the French pamphlets: spoken in a supply debate that had nothing to do with France, nine months ahead of the Reflections.

    EN
  21. 1791 A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly

    The Reflections carried one step further — the same diagnosis, now with Rousseau named as the author of the disease and foreign armies proposed as the cure.

    EN
  22. 1791 An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

    The companion to the Reflections: where that book made the case, this one defends the man who made it — out of the Whigs' own precedents, and in the third person.

    EN
  23. 1791 Thoughts on French Affairs

    One of three memorials on France composed for the government rather than for readers, and printed by Burke's executors in the year he died.

    EN
  24. 1792 A Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Roman Catholics of Ireland

    Timed for a relief bill coming before the Dublin Parliament and addressed to the member who would carry it, in the hope of enlarging the bill before it passed.

    EN
  25. 1792 A Letter to the Right Hon. Henry Dundas with a Sketch of a Negro Code

    Not an argument but a covering letter with a draft statute attached — written around 1780, sent to a Home Secretary twelve years later, and never introduced anywhere.

    EN
  26. 1793 A Letter to Richard Burke on Protestant Ascendency in Ireland

    The Irish argument compressed into a single phrase — a companion to the Langrishe letters, and the one that goes after the vocabulary of the settlement rather than its law.

    EN
  27. 1793 Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France

    The last of the three memorials Burke wrote for ministers on France, addressed to a government that took none of its advice, and printed after both the writer and the coalition were gone.

    EN
  28. 1794 Preface to the Address of M. Brissot to His Constituents

    Burke fronting somebody else's book — an English translation of a Girondin's self-defence, published the year after its author had been executed by his own revolution.

    EN
  29. 1795 A Letter to William Elliot

    The trial run for A Letter to a Noble Lord — the same posture at a smaller target, and not printed until after his death.

    EN
  30. 1795 A Letter to William Smith on the Subject of Catholic Emancipation

    A letter rather than a pamphlet, and the most compact statement of his religious settlement Burke ever managed — written while he still believed the Irish question would be settled in his lifetime.

    EN
  31. 1795 Fourth Letter on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Numbered fourth and written first: a private version, addressed to a correspondent sacked that spring, of the case the Three Letters would put publicly a year later.

    EN
  32. 1795 Second Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Catholic Question

    Second thoughts to the recipient of a famous first letter, three years on, after Earl Fitzwilliam's recall had killed the measure it argued for.

    EN
  33. 1795 Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

    The nearest thing to a treatise on economics Burke ever wrote, produced as advice to a prime minister during a famine and printed three years after his death.

    EN
  34. 1796 A Letter to a Noble Lord

    A personal answer to a personal attack, written eighteen months after his son's death, and the most admired single piece of writing in Burke's output.

    EN
  35. 1796 Three Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France you are here EN
  36. Fragments and Notes of Speeches in Parliament

    Notes and unfinished passages that Burke preserved for a book he never wrote, printed after his death by his executors from the papers he left.

    EN
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