WorkEdmund Burke

Speech at the Guildhall in Bristol Previous to the Late Election

The account Burke rendered to Bristol for three unpopular votes and one long absence, days before withdrawing from a poll he could not win.

by Edmund Burke67 passages held

  • English, the original language, and your language
First published
(aged 51)
Original language
English

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Overview

Four complaints were waiting for Bristol's member when he returned to the city in September 1780, and he took them in order at the Guildhall without conceding one. He had neglected Bristol — he had been in London, attending to an empire. He had voted to open Irish trade, which the city's merchants believed would take their business off them. He had backed Lord Beauchamp's bill to stop creditors holding insolvent debtors in prison indefinitely. And he had supported Sir George Savile's act of 1778 relieving Catholics of some of the penal disabilities — two years before a mob burned much of London in protest against it. His reply to all four is a single reply: a member who votes only for what his constituents already want has given them nothing a clerk could not supply, and the trade of Ireland, the liberty of Catholics and the bodies of ruined men are not Bristol's property to dispose of. It is his strongest writing on representation because it is the account being rendered rather than the promise being made. He withdrew before the poll ended. Rockingham gave him Malton, a seat nobody could take from him, and he sat for it through the remaining fourteen years of his parliamentary life.

Key concepts

Which votes was Burke asked to answer for at Bristol?

Four complaints were waiting for him in September 1780: that he had neglected the city, that he had voted to open Irish trade, that he had backed Lord Beauchamp's bill on imprisoned debtors, and that he had supported Catholic relief. He took them in order at the Guildhall and conceded none of them.

Why did Bristol's merchants resent his vote on Irish trade?

They believed the concessions to Irish commerce would take their own business off them, and they had told him so. Burke answers that the trade of Ireland is not Bristol's property to dispose of. A member sent to Westminster judges what the whole kingdom can bear, not what one port would prefer.

What was Lord Beauchamp's bill about?

It would have stopped creditors from holding insolvent debtors in prison indefinitely. Burke had supported it, and defends that support at the Guildhall on the ground that the bodies of ruined men are not a commercial convenience. The liberty of a debtor was never his electors' to trade away.

Why was the Catholic relief vote so dangerous in 1780?

Burke had voted for Sir George Savile's act of 1778, which lifted part of the penal disabilities from Catholics. Two years later a mob burned much of London in protest against it, and the city he was addressing was hostile. He defends the vote to the electors instead of explaining it away.

What single answer does Burke give to all four complaints?

One reply covers them. A member who votes only for what his constituents already want has given them nothing a clerk could not supply, and the trade of Ireland, the liberty of Catholics and the bodies of ruined men were never Bristol's property to dispose of.

How did the Bristol election end?

He withdrew before the poll closed rather than be beaten in it. Rockingham then gave him Malton, a seat nobody could take from him, and he sat for it through the remaining fourteen years of his parliamentary life. The Guildhall speech came days before that withdrawal.

Themes of the book

What this book returns to, gathered into themes and ordered by how much of the text each one occupies.

The Independent Representative

Should a representative obey the immediate instructions of electors or exercise judgment for the wider public? The answer determines whether Parliament can resist corruption and pursue justice.

In Bristol in 1780, Burke answered constituents who wanted their member to treat local instructions as binding. He argued that an MP owed the whole kingdom judgment, not a vote mechanically rented by electors: representation required agency, while accountability rested on the public trust placed in Parliament. That defense confronted corruption and executive influence without making power self-justifying. Once judgment disappears, a legislature becomes an assembly of competing mandates rather than an institution capable of securing justice.

  • justice
  • religious toleration
  • political representation
  • political prudence
  • public opinion
  • religious persecution
  • persecution
  • toleration
  • constitutionalism
  • political accountability
  • political integrity
  • political judgment

Within this work

passages held
67
distinct concepts
155
by passages held, corpus-wide
#212

What this book thinks together

Every arc around the wheel is one concept in this book. A ribbon joins two the text reaches for together, and its width is how many of its passages hold both. Strongest: corruption with governance.
Concept co-occurrence, strongest first 8 concepts, joined by 11 pairings. 49 shared passages in all. 17 weaker pairings reach beyond these concepts and are not drawn.
ConceptPaired conceptShared passages
corruptiongovernance7
corruptionpower6
accountabilitycorruption5
accountabilitygovernance5
agencycorruption5
corruptionjustice5
authorityjustice4
bureaucracycorruption4
accountabilitybureaucracy3
governancepower3
authoritycorruption2

Works held

The author's work in order, this book marked in place. Your-language title first, the original beneath it where the two differ; side chips show which full texts are held.

  1. 1756 A Vindication of Natural Society

    Published anonymously when its author was twenty-seven, and still argued over: a joke that a good many readers, then and since, have declined to take as one.

    EN
  2. 1757 A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful)

    The one sustained work of philosophy in Burke's output, written before Parliament took him and revised only once.

    EN
  3. 1761 Hints for an Essay on the Drama

    An application of the Enquiry's aesthetics to a working art, abandoned after a few pages.

    EN
  4. 1765 Fragments of a Tract Relative to the Laws against Popery in Ireland

    Begun in Ireland in the early 1760s from inside the administration that enforced the penal code, then set aside unfinished for the sake of a career in England.

    EN
  5. 1769 Observations on a Late Publication on the Present State of the Nation

    A line-by-line rebuttal of another man's pamphlet, and the piece that converted Burke from a literary reputation into the Rockingham Whigs' pen.

    EN
  6. 1770 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents

    The Rockingham Whigs' creed rather than one man's essay, circulated in draft for the party's approval.

    EN
  7. 1774 Speech on American Taxation

    The retrospective half of Burke's American case: where Conciliation proposes a settlement, this one explains how the quarrel was manufactured and by whom.

    EN
  8. 1774 Speeches at His Arrival at Bristol and at the Conclusion of the Poll

    Two speeches from one contested election in 1774 — the first on arriving mid-poll, the second on being declared elected — printed together ever since as a single statement.

    EN
  9. 1775 Speech on Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies

    Set as a school text in the United States for generations — and the speech where Burke stakes his whole case on describing a people rather than on a principle.

    EN
  10. 1777 A Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol on the Affairs of America

    A constituency letter as much as a constitutional one, addressed to the officers of the city whose poll Burke would decline three years later.

    EN
  11. 1780 Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in 1780 (Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in)

    Written in the weeks after the Gordon Riots for the ministers deciding how many rioters to hang, and never intended for publication.

    EN
  12. 1780 Speech at the Guildhall in Bristol Previous to the Late Election you are here EN
  13. 1780 Speech on a Plan for the Better Security of the Independence of Parliament and the Economical Reformation

    The high point of Burke's career as a practical reformer, and the rare instance of a proposal of his that became law — two years late, and in a smaller form than he moved.

    EN
  14. 1782 A Letter to a Peer of Ireland on the Penal Laws against Irish Catholics

    Prompted by the partial relief then before the Irish Parliament and addressed to the Catholic peer most inclined to be satisfied with it.

    EN
  15. 1783 Speech on Mr. Fox's East India Bill

    Where the case Burke had spent two years assembling was first made in public — the argument of his remaining years, delivered in support of somebody else's bill.

    EN
  16. 1784 A Representation to His Majesty

    A parliamentary address rather than a speech, drafted for a party that had just been destroyed at the polls, and published once the House declined to hear it out.

    EN
  17. 1788 Speeches in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings

    The labour of Burke's last fifteen years: a prosecution he lost, in a case that has outlasted its own verdict.

    EN
  18. 1789 A Letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont

    The seed of the Reflections, written a year earlier and at a fraction of the temperature — a private answer to the correspondent that famous book is still addressed to.

    EN
  19. 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France

    The book the rest of this shelf is now read through, and the one that cost Burke his party, his closest friendship, and nearly every ally he had.

    EN
  20. 1790 Substance of the Speech on the Army Estimates

    The first of the French pamphlets: spoken in a supply debate that had nothing to do with France, nine months ahead of the Reflections.

    EN
  21. 1791 A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly

    The Reflections carried one step further — the same diagnosis, now with Rousseau named as the author of the disease and foreign armies proposed as the cure.

    EN
  22. 1791 An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

    The companion to the Reflections: where that book made the case, this one defends the man who made it — out of the Whigs' own precedents, and in the third person.

    EN
  23. 1791 Thoughts on French Affairs

    One of three memorials on France composed for the government rather than for readers, and printed by Burke's executors in the year he died.

    EN
  24. 1792 A Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Roman Catholics of Ireland

    Timed for a relief bill coming before the Dublin Parliament and addressed to the member who would carry it, in the hope of enlarging the bill before it passed.

    EN
  25. 1792 A Letter to the Right Hon. Henry Dundas with a Sketch of a Negro Code

    Not an argument but a covering letter with a draft statute attached — written around 1780, sent to a Home Secretary twelve years later, and never introduced anywhere.

    EN
  26. 1793 A Letter to Richard Burke on Protestant Ascendency in Ireland

    The Irish argument compressed into a single phrase — a companion to the Langrishe letters, and the one that goes after the vocabulary of the settlement rather than its law.

    EN
  27. 1793 Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France

    The last of the three memorials Burke wrote for ministers on France, addressed to a government that took none of its advice, and printed after both the writer and the coalition were gone.

    EN
  28. 1794 Preface to the Address of M. Brissot to His Constituents

    Burke fronting somebody else's book — an English translation of a Girondin's self-defence, published the year after its author had been executed by his own revolution.

    EN
  29. 1795 A Letter to William Elliot

    The trial run for A Letter to a Noble Lord — the same posture at a smaller target, and not printed until after his death.

    EN
  30. 1795 A Letter to William Smith on the Subject of Catholic Emancipation

    A letter rather than a pamphlet, and the most compact statement of his religious settlement Burke ever managed — written while he still believed the Irish question would be settled in his lifetime.

    EN
  31. 1795 Fourth Letter on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Numbered fourth and written first: a private version, addressed to a correspondent sacked that spring, of the case the Three Letters would put publicly a year later.

    EN
  32. 1795 Second Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Catholic Question

    Second thoughts to the recipient of a famous first letter, three years on, after Earl Fitzwilliam's recall had killed the measure it argued for.

    EN
  33. 1795 Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

    The nearest thing to a treatise on economics Burke ever wrote, produced as advice to a prime minister during a famine and printed three years after his death.

    EN
  34. 1796 A Letter to a Noble Lord

    A personal answer to a personal attack, written eighteen months after his son's death, and the most admired single piece of writing in Burke's output.

    EN
  35. 1796 Three Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Burke's last public argument, issued while the negotiation it attacked was under way, and in an eleventh edition before the year was out.

    EN
  36. Fragments and Notes of Speeches in Parliament

    Notes and unfinished passages that Burke preserved for a book he never wrote, printed after his death by his executors from the papers he left.

    EN
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