WorkEdmund Burke

Preface to the Address of M. Brissot to His Constituents

Burke introducing the testimony of a guillotined revolutionary, on the ground that no English enemy's word could carry the same weight.

by Edmund Burke29 passages held

  • English, the original language, and your language
First published
(aged 65)
Original language
English

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Overview

Brissot went to the guillotine with a batch of his fellow Girondins on 31 October 1793, and the address he had written in his own defence reached England the following year in a translation made by Burke's kinsman William Burke. Burke supplied the preface, and the whole force of it turns on whose evidence this is. Anything he himself had said about the Revolution since 1790 could be waved away as the spite of an English enemy who had never crossed the Channel. Here the same account comes from one of the men who made the thing: a republican, a founder of the French society against the slave trade, a leader of the faction that had governed and then been destroyed by the faction that came next. The preface does not gloat — a discipline Burke was not obliged to observe, and rarely observed elsewhere on this subject. Having no sympathy at all for what Brissot believed, he introduces the pages and then stands aside for them.

Key concepts

Who was Brissot, and what had he been in the Revolution?

A republican leader of the Girondins, a founder of the French society against the slave trade, and one of the men who made the thing he ends up describing. He wrote his defence under sentence of death and went to the guillotine with his fellow Girondins on 31 October 1793. The pages Burke introduces here are his.

What is the Address that this preface introduces?

Brissot's own defence, written to his constituents under sentence of death. It reached England in 1794 in a translation made by Burke's kinsman William Burke, the year after its author's execution. Burke supplied the preface to that volume and nothing else: the book is Brissot's, and the account of the Revolution inside it is a republican's.

Why does Burke hand the case to a republican rather than argue it?

Because his own word had stopped carrying. Anything an Englishman published about France after 1790 could be waved away as the spite of a foreigner, an enemy, a man who had never crossed the Channel, and Burke answered to all three. Brissot answered to none of them. Choosing the witness is the whole of the argument, and the introducer is deliberately the smaller figure on the page.

What is meant by the faction that came next?

The men standing immediately behind the party in power, who denounce it and then take its place. The Girondins had governed France and were destroyed by them. The pattern runs inward: a party takes power, is denounced from just behind, and follows its own enemies to the scaffold. What a revolution does to the men who made it is the charge of these pages.

Did Burke agree with anything Brissot believed?

No. He thought the republic wrong from its first principle and had no sympathy at all for what Brissot wanted, which is what keeps the preface from being an endorsement. He also declines to gloat over the execution, a discipline he was not obliged to observe and rarely observed elsewhere on this subject.

Themes of the book

What this book returns to, gathered into themes and ordered by how much of the text each one occupies.

Testimony that cannot be waved away

Who has to say a thing before it will be believed? Not Burke, on his own account: an English opponent's report of the Revolution can be dismissed as spite, so the case is left to a republican who helped make the thing.

Everything published on France since 1790 carried the same disqualification — a foreigner, an enemy, a man who had never crossed the Channel. Brissot carried none of it. A founder of the French society against the slave trade, a republican, a leader of the party that had governed, he wrote his defence under sentence and went to the guillotine with the other Girondins on 31 October 1793. Burke supplies a preface, declines to gloat, and steps out of the way. Choosing the witness is the whole of the argument; the introducer is deliberately the smaller figure on the page.

  • historical evidence
  • political rhetoric
  • rhetoric
  • propaganda
  • republicanism
  • revolutionary politics
  • political legitimacy

The faction that came next

The Girondins governed France and were then destroyed by the faction standing behind them; Brissot wrote his defence under sentence of death. What a revolution does to the men who made it is the burden of the pages introduced here.

Violence is the heaviest thing in the volume, and the charge is Brissot's rather than Burke's. The pattern he records runs inward: a party takes power, is denounced by the men immediately behind it, and follows its enemies to the scaffold. Burke thought the republic wrong from its first principle and still refuses to use the execution as a debating point. He prints the account and lets it stand as evidence of what the Revolution did to its own — a colder charge than any an English pamphleteer could bring in his own voice.

  • political violence
  • revolutionary violence
  • revolution
  • factionalism
  • insurrection
  • conspiracy
  • self-preservation
  • justice
  • political responsibility

Within this work

passages held
29
distinct concepts
54
by passages held, corpus-wide
#257

What this book thinks together

Every arc around the wheel is one concept in this book. A ribbon joins two the text reaches for together, and its width is how many of its passages hold both. Strongest: aesthetics with sublime.
Concept co-occurrence, strongest first 8 concepts, joined by 10 pairings. 29 shared passages in all. 7 weaker pairings reach beyond these concepts and are not drawn.
ConceptPaired conceptShared passages
aestheticssublime6
aestheticsbeauty3
aestheticsproportion3
aestheticspsychology3
aestheticssensory experience3
aestheticsvisual perception3
aestheticsanalogy2
beautysublime2
proportionsublime2
psychologysublime2

Works held

The author's work in order, this book marked in place. Your-language title first, the original beneath it where the two differ; side chips show which full texts are held.

  1. 1756 A Vindication of Natural Society

    Published anonymously when its author was twenty-seven, and still argued over: a joke that a good many readers, then and since, have declined to take as one.

    EN
  2. 1757 A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful)

    The one sustained work of philosophy in Burke's output, written before Parliament took him and revised only once.

    EN
  3. 1761 Hints for an Essay on the Drama

    An application of the Enquiry's aesthetics to a working art, abandoned after a few pages.

    EN
  4. 1765 Fragments of a Tract Relative to the Laws against Popery in Ireland

    Begun in Ireland in the early 1760s from inside the administration that enforced the penal code, then set aside unfinished for the sake of a career in England.

    EN
  5. 1769 Observations on a Late Publication on the Present State of the Nation

    A line-by-line rebuttal of another man's pamphlet, and the piece that converted Burke from a literary reputation into the Rockingham Whigs' pen.

    EN
  6. 1770 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents

    The Rockingham Whigs' creed rather than one man's essay, circulated in draft for the party's approval.

    EN
  7. 1774 Speech on American Taxation

    The retrospective half of Burke's American case: where Conciliation proposes a settlement, this one explains how the quarrel was manufactured and by whom.

    EN
  8. 1774 Speeches at His Arrival at Bristol and at the Conclusion of the Poll

    Two speeches from one contested election in 1774 — the first on arriving mid-poll, the second on being declared elected — printed together ever since as a single statement.

    EN
  9. 1775 Speech on Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies

    Set as a school text in the United States for generations — and the speech where Burke stakes his whole case on describing a people rather than on a principle.

    EN
  10. 1777 A Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol on the Affairs of America

    A constituency letter as much as a constitutional one, addressed to the officers of the city whose poll Burke would decline three years later.

    EN
  11. 1780 Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in 1780 (Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in)

    Written in the weeks after the Gordon Riots for the ministers deciding how many rioters to hang, and never intended for publication.

    EN
  12. 1780 Speech at the Guildhall in Bristol Previous to the Late Election

    The far end of the story begun at Bristol in 1774: the same doctrine of representation, restated by a man who was about to give up the seat for having acted on it.

    EN
  13. 1780 Speech on a Plan for the Better Security of the Independence of Parliament and the Economical Reformation

    The high point of Burke's career as a practical reformer, and the rare instance of a proposal of his that became law — two years late, and in a smaller form than he moved.

    EN
  14. 1782 A Letter to a Peer of Ireland on the Penal Laws against Irish Catholics

    Prompted by the partial relief then before the Irish Parliament and addressed to the Catholic peer most inclined to be satisfied with it.

    EN
  15. 1783 Speech on Mr. Fox's East India Bill

    Where the case Burke had spent two years assembling was first made in public — the argument of his remaining years, delivered in support of somebody else's bill.

    EN
  16. 1784 A Representation to His Majesty

    A parliamentary address rather than a speech, drafted for a party that had just been destroyed at the polls, and published once the House declined to hear it out.

    EN
  17. 1788 Speeches in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings

    The labour of Burke's last fifteen years: a prosecution he lost, in a case that has outlasted its own verdict.

    EN
  18. 1789 A Letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont

    The seed of the Reflections, written a year earlier and at a fraction of the temperature — a private answer to the correspondent that famous book is still addressed to.

    EN
  19. 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France

    The book the rest of this shelf is now read through, and the one that cost Burke his party, his closest friendship, and nearly every ally he had.

    EN
  20. 1790 Substance of the Speech on the Army Estimates

    The first of the French pamphlets: spoken in a supply debate that had nothing to do with France, nine months ahead of the Reflections.

    EN
  21. 1791 A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly

    The Reflections carried one step further — the same diagnosis, now with Rousseau named as the author of the disease and foreign armies proposed as the cure.

    EN
  22. 1791 An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

    The companion to the Reflections: where that book made the case, this one defends the man who made it — out of the Whigs' own precedents, and in the third person.

    EN
  23. 1791 Thoughts on French Affairs

    One of three memorials on France composed for the government rather than for readers, and printed by Burke's executors in the year he died.

    EN
  24. 1792 A Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Roman Catholics of Ireland

    Timed for a relief bill coming before the Dublin Parliament and addressed to the member who would carry it, in the hope of enlarging the bill before it passed.

    EN
  25. 1792 A Letter to the Right Hon. Henry Dundas with a Sketch of a Negro Code

    Not an argument but a covering letter with a draft statute attached — written around 1780, sent to a Home Secretary twelve years later, and never introduced anywhere.

    EN
  26. 1793 A Letter to Richard Burke on Protestant Ascendency in Ireland

    The Irish argument compressed into a single phrase — a companion to the Langrishe letters, and the one that goes after the vocabulary of the settlement rather than its law.

    EN
  27. 1793 Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France

    The last of the three memorials Burke wrote for ministers on France, addressed to a government that took none of its advice, and printed after both the writer and the coalition were gone.

    EN
  28. 1794 Preface to the Address of M. Brissot to His Constituents you are here EN
  29. 1795 A Letter to William Elliot

    The trial run for A Letter to a Noble Lord — the same posture at a smaller target, and not printed until after his death.

    EN
  30. 1795 A Letter to William Smith on the Subject of Catholic Emancipation

    A letter rather than a pamphlet, and the most compact statement of his religious settlement Burke ever managed — written while he still believed the Irish question would be settled in his lifetime.

    EN
  31. 1795 Fourth Letter on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Numbered fourth and written first: a private version, addressed to a correspondent sacked that spring, of the case the Three Letters would put publicly a year later.

    EN
  32. 1795 Second Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Catholic Question

    Second thoughts to the recipient of a famous first letter, three years on, after Earl Fitzwilliam's recall had killed the measure it argued for.

    EN
  33. 1795 Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

    The nearest thing to a treatise on economics Burke ever wrote, produced as advice to a prime minister during a famine and printed three years after his death.

    EN
  34. 1796 A Letter to a Noble Lord

    A personal answer to a personal attack, written eighteen months after his son's death, and the most admired single piece of writing in Burke's output.

    EN
  35. 1796 Three Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Burke's last public argument, issued while the negotiation it attacked was under way, and in an eleventh edition before the year was out.

    EN
  36. Fragments and Notes of Speeches in Parliament

    Notes and unfinished passages that Burke preserved for a book he never wrote, printed after his death by his executors from the papers he left.

    EN
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