WorkEdmund Burke

Speeches at His Arrival at Bristol and at the Conclusion of the Poll

A newly elected member telling his voters, to their faces and on the day, that he would not take their instructions.

by Edmund Burke14 passages held

  • English, the original language, and your language
First published
(aged 45)
Original language
English

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Overview

A candidate withdrew in the middle of the poll and Burke's supporters put him up in the vacancy; he was holding a safe seat at Malton at the time, and gave it up for this one. The first of the two speeches was made on his arrival in the city. The second came at the close, on 3 November 1774, after a contest of twenty-eight days. Henry Cruger, a Bristol merchant, had headed the poll, and as the man at the top he spoke first: the electors had a right to instruct their members, and he would always think it his duty in Parliament to be guided by their counsels and instructions. Burke, declared elected in second place, answered him on the spot and in front of the same crowd, three weeks after arriving. A representative owes his constituents nearly everything — his time, his labour, his attention to their trade — and an unbought judgement that he must never hand over to them, because Parliament is not a congress of ambassadors from rival interests but one assembly deliberating for one nation, and a member who arrives with his orders already written has nothing to deliberate with. Every subsequent argument about whether a representative is a trustee or a delegate is conducted in the vocabulary he set that afternoon, and both sides quote him. Bristol did not take it well. Six years later, having backed Irish trade and Catholic relief against the declared wishes of the city, he withdrew from the poll rather than be beaten in it.

Key concepts

Why are two speeches printed as one text?

Burke made the first on arriving in Bristol while the poll was still running, and the second at the close, on 3 November 1774, after being declared elected. They belong to one contested election of twenty-eight days and have been printed together ever since as a single statement.

How did Burke come to stand for Bristol?

A candidate withdrew in the middle of the poll and Burke's supporters put him up in the vacancy. He was holding a safe seat at Malton at the time and gave it up for this one, reaching the city three weeks before the contest closed.

Who was Henry Cruger, and what had he just said?

A Bristol merchant who headed the poll and, as the man at the top, spoke first at the close. The electors had a right to instruct their members, he told the crowd, and he would always think it his duty in Parliament to be guided by their counsels and instructions. Burke answered him on the spot.

What does Burke say a member owes his constituents?

Nearly everything: his time, his labour, his attention to their trade, and one thing he must never hand over, an unbought judgement. The distinction carries the whole speech. He is not withholding service from Bristol; he is refusing to surrender the part of it that cannot be delegated.

Why is Parliament not a congress of ambassadors?

Because it is one assembly deliberating for one nation, not a meeting of agents sent from rival interests to bargain. A member who arrives with his orders already written has nothing to deliberate with. Every later argument about trustee against delegate is conducted in the vocabulary Burke set that afternoon.

Themes of the book

What this book returns to, gathered into themes and ordered by how much of the text each one occupies.

Representation as public trust

What does an elected member owe the people who choose him: obedience to their immediate wishes, or judgment exercised for their enduring interests? The answer determines whether a constitution can govern through deliberation rather than surrendering power to factional pressure.

In the 1774 Bristol speeches, Burke rejects the idea that a representative acts as a mouthpiece for local instructions. Election gives a member responsibility, not merely authority: he must weigh competing interests, draw on political expertise, and preserve the institutions that make liberty possible. Against factionalism and the demand for a purely local mandate, he joins representation to statesmanship, property, tradition, and political trust. Government therefore depends on judgment that constituents may not immediately share.

  • constitutionalism
  • political representation
  • elections
  • political consistency
  • political judgment
  • representative government
  • voting rights
  • civic virtue
  • commerce
  • conscience
  • electoral ethics
  • civic duty
  • civic friendship
  • common good
  • constituent accountability

Within this work

passages held
14
distinct concepts
43
by passages held, corpus-wide
#278

What this book thinks together

Every arc around the wheel is one concept in this book. A ribbon joins two the text reaches for together, and its width is how many of its passages hold both. Strongest: governance with professionalism.
Concept co-occurrence, strongest first 3 concepts, joined by 3 pairings. 7 shared passages in all.
ConceptPaired conceptShared passages
governanceprofessionalism3
governancestatesmanship2
professionalismstatesmanship2

Works held

The author's work in order, this book marked in place. Your-language title first, the original beneath it where the two differ; side chips show which full texts are held.

  1. 1756 A Vindication of Natural Society

    Published anonymously when its author was twenty-seven, and still argued over: a joke that a good many readers, then and since, have declined to take as one.

    EN
  2. 1757 A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful)

    The one sustained work of philosophy in Burke's output, written before Parliament took him and revised only once.

    EN
  3. 1761 Hints for an Essay on the Drama

    An application of the Enquiry's aesthetics to a working art, abandoned after a few pages.

    EN
  4. 1765 Fragments of a Tract Relative to the Laws against Popery in Ireland

    Begun in Ireland in the early 1760s from inside the administration that enforced the penal code, then set aside unfinished for the sake of a career in England.

    EN
  5. 1769 Observations on a Late Publication on the Present State of the Nation

    A line-by-line rebuttal of another man's pamphlet, and the piece that converted Burke from a literary reputation into the Rockingham Whigs' pen.

    EN
  6. 1770 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents

    The Rockingham Whigs' creed rather than one man's essay, circulated in draft for the party's approval.

    EN
  7. 1774 Speech on American Taxation

    The retrospective half of Burke's American case: where Conciliation proposes a settlement, this one explains how the quarrel was manufactured and by whom.

    EN
  8. 1774 Speeches at His Arrival at Bristol and at the Conclusion of the Poll you are here EN
  9. 1775 Speech on Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies

    Set as a school text in the United States for generations — and the speech where Burke stakes his whole case on describing a people rather than on a principle.

    EN
  10. 1777 A Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol on the Affairs of America

    A constituency letter as much as a constitutional one, addressed to the officers of the city whose poll Burke would decline three years later.

    EN
  11. 1780 Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in 1780 (Letters and Reflections on the Executions of the Rioters in)

    Written in the weeks after the Gordon Riots for the ministers deciding how many rioters to hang, and never intended for publication.

    EN
  12. 1780 Speech at the Guildhall in Bristol Previous to the Late Election

    The far end of the story begun at Bristol in 1774: the same doctrine of representation, restated by a man who was about to give up the seat for having acted on it.

    EN
  13. 1780 Speech on a Plan for the Better Security of the Independence of Parliament and the Economical Reformation

    The high point of Burke's career as a practical reformer, and the rare instance of a proposal of his that became law — two years late, and in a smaller form than he moved.

    EN
  14. 1782 A Letter to a Peer of Ireland on the Penal Laws against Irish Catholics

    Prompted by the partial relief then before the Irish Parliament and addressed to the Catholic peer most inclined to be satisfied with it.

    EN
  15. 1783 Speech on Mr. Fox's East India Bill

    Where the case Burke had spent two years assembling was first made in public — the argument of his remaining years, delivered in support of somebody else's bill.

    EN
  16. 1784 A Representation to His Majesty

    A parliamentary address rather than a speech, drafted for a party that had just been destroyed at the polls, and published once the House declined to hear it out.

    EN
  17. 1788 Speeches in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings

    The labour of Burke's last fifteen years: a prosecution he lost, in a case that has outlasted its own verdict.

    EN
  18. 1789 A Letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont

    The seed of the Reflections, written a year earlier and at a fraction of the temperature — a private answer to the correspondent that famous book is still addressed to.

    EN
  19. 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France

    The book the rest of this shelf is now read through, and the one that cost Burke his party, his closest friendship, and nearly every ally he had.

    EN
  20. 1790 Substance of the Speech on the Army Estimates

    The first of the French pamphlets: spoken in a supply debate that had nothing to do with France, nine months ahead of the Reflections.

    EN
  21. 1791 A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly

    The Reflections carried one step further — the same diagnosis, now with Rousseau named as the author of the disease and foreign armies proposed as the cure.

    EN
  22. 1791 An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

    The companion to the Reflections: where that book made the case, this one defends the man who made it — out of the Whigs' own precedents, and in the third person.

    EN
  23. 1791 Thoughts on French Affairs

    One of three memorials on France composed for the government rather than for readers, and printed by Burke's executors in the year he died.

    EN
  24. 1792 A Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Roman Catholics of Ireland

    Timed for a relief bill coming before the Dublin Parliament and addressed to the member who would carry it, in the hope of enlarging the bill before it passed.

    EN
  25. 1792 A Letter to the Right Hon. Henry Dundas with a Sketch of a Negro Code

    Not an argument but a covering letter with a draft statute attached — written around 1780, sent to a Home Secretary twelve years later, and never introduced anywhere.

    EN
  26. 1793 A Letter to Richard Burke on Protestant Ascendency in Ireland

    The Irish argument compressed into a single phrase — a companion to the Langrishe letters, and the one that goes after the vocabulary of the settlement rather than its law.

    EN
  27. 1793 Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France

    The last of the three memorials Burke wrote for ministers on France, addressed to a government that took none of its advice, and printed after both the writer and the coalition were gone.

    EN
  28. 1794 Preface to the Address of M. Brissot to His Constituents

    Burke fronting somebody else's book — an English translation of a Girondin's self-defence, published the year after its author had been executed by his own revolution.

    EN
  29. 1795 A Letter to William Elliot

    The trial run for A Letter to a Noble Lord — the same posture at a smaller target, and not printed until after his death.

    EN
  30. 1795 A Letter to William Smith on the Subject of Catholic Emancipation

    A letter rather than a pamphlet, and the most compact statement of his religious settlement Burke ever managed — written while he still believed the Irish question would be settled in his lifetime.

    EN
  31. 1795 Fourth Letter on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Numbered fourth and written first: a private version, addressed to a correspondent sacked that spring, of the case the Three Letters would put publicly a year later.

    EN
  32. 1795 Second Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Catholic Question

    Second thoughts to the recipient of a famous first letter, three years on, after Earl Fitzwilliam's recall had killed the measure it argued for.

    EN
  33. 1795 Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

    The nearest thing to a treatise on economics Burke ever wrote, produced as advice to a prime minister during a famine and printed three years after his death.

    EN
  34. 1796 A Letter to a Noble Lord

    A personal answer to a personal attack, written eighteen months after his son's death, and the most admired single piece of writing in Burke's output.

    EN
  35. 1796 Three Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France

    Burke's last public argument, issued while the negotiation it attacked was under way, and in an eleventh edition before the year was out.

    EN
  36. Fragments and Notes of Speeches in Parliament

    Notes and unfinished passages that Burke preserved for a book he never wrote, printed after his death by his executors from the papers he left.

    EN
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