WorkPlato

Symposium

Six men at a drinking party praise Love in turn — building toward Socrates' ladder that climbs from one beautiful body to Beauty itself.

by Plato585 passages held

  • English, a translation held here, and your language
  • Greek, a translation held here
Original title
Συμπόσιον
First published
375 BCE(aged 53)
Original language
Ancient Greek

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Overview

To celebrate his first victory in the tragic competition, the poet Agathon throws a drinking party in 416 BCE, and the guests agree to amuse themselves by each making a speech in praise of Erôs, the god of love. The speeches climb: Phaedrus on love's antiquity, Pausanias parsing higher love from lower, the doctor Eryximachus, and then Aristophanes with the myth that has outlived the rest — that human beings were once double creatures, split in half by the gods, each of us searching ever since for our missing other half. Agathon performs a pretty encomium, and then Socrates, disclaiming any eloquence of his own, reports what a priestess named Diotima once taught him: that love is desire for the beautiful and finally for the good, and that a right training in love ascends a ladder — from one lovely body, to all bodies, to beautiful souls, laws and knowledge, and at last to Beauty itself, changeless and pure. Then a drunk Alcibiades bursts in and delivers a closing speech in praise not of love but of Socrates. Ficino's fifteenth-century commentary on the dialogue fixed the phrase 'Platonic love' in the European languages and made the Symposium the founding text of a long tradition of writing about desire. It survives whole with the corpus.

Key concepts

How is the Symposium structured, and what is an encomium?

It is a chain of encomia — formal speeches of praise — each guest honouring Erôs in turn at Agathon's victory party, not a cross-examination. The speeches ascend in seriousness: Phaedrus, Pausanias, Eryximachus, Aristophanes, Agathon, then Socrates. Reading it means tracking that rising sequence, each speaker capping or correcting the last, up to Diotima's teaching and Alcibiades' disruption.

Why does Diotima call Erôs a daimon, not a god?

Because love is desire for what one lacks, and a god lacks nothing beautiful or good. So Erôs is no god but a daimon — a great spirit between mortal and divine, ferrying prayers up and answers down. Born of Poverty and Resource, it is needy yet resourceful, forever in between. This corrects the earlier speakers, who praised Erôs as simply divine and beautiful.

What does "giving birth in beauty" mean?

Diotima's core claim: love wants not beauty itself but to procreate and bring forth in the presence of beauty — because generation is the nearest a mortal comes to immortality. Some are pregnant in body and make children; others pregnant in soul and bring forth virtue, poems, laws. Erôs is finally the drive to possess the good forever, reached only by begetting.

What are the exact rungs of Diotima's ladder?

One rises from love of a single beautiful body, to all beautiful bodies, to beauty of souls, then to beauty in laws and customs, then in kinds of knowledge, and at last to Beauty itself — changeless, uncompounded, not beautiful in one respect and ugly in another. Each rung loosens attachment to the particular; the beloved is a first stair, not a destination.

What is the function of Alcibiades' closing speech?

The drunk Alcibiades bursts in and praises not Love but Socrates, likening him to a silenus figure — ugly outside, full of gods within. He confesses Socrates roused his erôs then declined to gratify it. The speech tests Diotima's ascent against a real, wounded love: Socrates lives the theory, having climbed past the very beauty Alcibiades cannot get past.

Themes of the book

What this book returns to, gathered into themes and ordered by how much of the text each one occupies.

The Ladder of Love

What is erôs really reaching for? Six speakers praise it in turn, climbing toward Socrates' claim that love of a single body is only the first rung toward Beauty itself.

Aristophanes gives the myth of the split-apart halves forever searching for wholeness; Socrates, reporting the priestess Diotima, redefines love as lack — desire for the beautiful and finally for the good — and charts an ascent from one lovely body, to all bodies, to souls, laws and knowledge, and at last to changeless Beauty. Then a drunk Alcibiades praises not love but Socrates himself. Through Ficino this became the founding text of 'Platonic love,' recasting erotic longing as the soul's motion toward the eternal.

  • desire
  • love
  • intimacy
  • wholeness
  • lack
  • aesthetics
  • wisdom
  • motivation
  • eros
  • rhetoric

Within this work

passages held
585
distinct concepts
687
by passages held, corpus-wide
#50

What this book thinks together

Every arc around the wheel is one concept in this book. A ribbon joins two the text reaches for together, and its width is how many of its passages hold both. Strongest: desire with human nature.
Concept co-occurrence, strongest first 8 concepts, joined by 21 pairings. 394 shared passages in all. 79 weaker pairings reach beyond these concepts and are not drawn.
ConceptPaired conceptShared passages
desirehuman nature80
desiremetaphysics32
desirelove27
desiremotivation27
ethicsvirtue27
human naturelonging25
human naturelove25
human naturemotivation23
desireethics15
desirelonging15
human naturemetaphysics13
desirevirtue11
ethicshuman nature11
ethicslove11
longinglove11
lovevirtue9
lovemotivation8
ethicsmotivation7
lovemetaphysics6
motivationvirtue6
human naturevirtue5

Works held

The author's work in order, this book marked in place. Your-language title first, the original beneath it where the two differ; side chips show which full texts are held.

  1. -399 Apology (Ἀπολογία Σωκράτους)

    Alone among Plato's works it is a courtroom monologue rather than a dialogue, and with the Euthyphro, Crito and Phaedo it forms the quartet dramatising Socrates' trial and death — the events that turned Plato toward philosophy.

    GRCELEN
  2. -399 Crito (Κρίτων)

    Set in the prison between the Apology's verdict and the Phaedo's execution, it is the shortest of the four last-days dialogues and the one that turns from Socrates' own fate to the citizen's duty toward the state.

    GRCEN
  3. -399 Euthyphro (Εὐθύφρων)

    One of the short definitional dialogues, in which Socrates hunts a single concept — here holiness — and comes away empty-handed; it opens the tetralogy that runs through the trial to the execution.

    GRCEN
  4. -399 Lesser Hippias (Ἱππίας ἐλάττων)

    A brief, aporetic early piece whose deliberately perverse conclusion has kept it a standing puzzle — and whose authenticity a few scholars still question, though Aristotle already treated it as Plato's.

    GRCEN
  5. -395 Ion (Ἴων)

    Among the shortest dialogues, and the first place Plato treats poetry as divine possession rather than craft — a theme he takes up again, far more harshly, in the Republic's quarrel with the poets.

    GRCEN
  6. -390 First Alcibiades (Ἀλκιβιάδης Αʹ)

    Its authenticity is disputed — unquestioned in antiquity, doubted since Schleiermacher — which is now the salient fact about it; the longer of the two Alcibiades dialogues attached to Plato's name.

    GRCEN
  7. -390 Laches (Λάχης)

    An early inquiry into a single virtue, pairing naturally with the Charmides on temperance; the question it leaves open — whether courage is really a form of knowledge — points ahead to the Protagoras.

    GRCEN
  8. -390 Second Alcibiades (Ἀλκιβιάδης Βʹ)

    Generally judged spurious — a post-Platonic imitation carried under his name in the corpus — this short exercise on prayer is useful mainly as a specimen of how the school later wrote in Plato's manner.

    GRCEN
  9. -385 Meno (Μένων)

    A pivot in the corpus, standing between the aporetic early dialogues and the middle-period metaphysics: the theory of recollection and the knowledge/true-belief distinction first surface here, on the road to the Phaedo and Republic.

    GRCELEN
  10. -385 Protagoras (Πρωταγόρας)

    Plato's fullest dramatic contest between Socratic questioning and sophistic display, staged among the age's leading intellectuals; its question of teachable virtue passes straight into the Meno and Gorgias.

    GRCELEN
  11. -384 Euthydemus (Εὐθύδημος)

    A comic dialogue framed as Socrates' report to Crito, and the corpus's fullest exhibition of sophistical fallacy — much the same material Aristotle would later systematise in the Sophistical Refutations.

    GRCEN
  12. -380 Charmides (Χαρμίδης)

    The early companion to the Laches: where that dialogue fails to pin down courage, this one fails to pin down temperance — set just after Socrates' return from Potidaea, among relatives of Plato who became tyrants.

    GRCEN
  13. -380 Cratylus (Κρατύλος)

    Plato's only dialogue given wholly to language and the correctness of names; hard to date and unusual in the corpus, it stands at the head of a debate the philosophy of language has never closed.

    GRCELEN
  14. -380 Gorgias (Γοργίας)

    The bridge from the early ethical dialogues to the Republic: its confrontation with Callicles over whether injustice pays sets up the question the Republic devotes its whole length to answering.

    GRCEN
  15. -380 Lysis (Λύσις)

    One of the shortest early dialogues, and Plato's only sustained treatment of friendship as such; the questions it cannot answer are the ones Aristotle later organises in the Nicomachean Ethics.

    GRCEN
  16. -380 Menexenus (Μενέξενος)

    Almost entirely a set-piece funeral oration rather than a dialogue; its authenticity is backed by Aristotle's references, and it reads as Plato's deliberately ambiguous parody of Athenian patriotic rhetoric.

    GRCELEN
  17. -375 Phaedo (Φαίδων)

    The longest and most doctrinally ambitious of the last-days group, and the point where Socrates' conversations give way to Plato's own metaphysics: the theory of Forms stated outright, at the deathbed.

    GRCELEN
  18. -375 Republic (Πολιτεία)

    The centre of the corpus and the fullest statement of the middle-period philosophy — the Forms, the tripartite soul, the ideal city — gathering into one work the ethical and political threads of the Gorgias, Meno and Phaedo.

    GRCEN
  19. -375 Symposium (Συμπόσιον) you are here GRCELEN
  20. -370 Parmenides (Παρμενίδης)

    The turning point where Plato subjects the middle-period Forms to their gravest criticism; its baffling second half became, for the Neoplatonists, the supreme metaphysical text in the whole corpus.

    GRCEN
  21. -370 Phaedrus (Φαῖδρος)

    Pairs with the Symposium as Plato's second great study of love, but reaches further — into rhetoric, dialectic and a famous closing critique of writing; unusually, it is set in the countryside outside Athens.

    GRCELEN
  22. -369 Theaetetus (Θεαίτητος)

    Plato's central inquiry into knowledge, and the first of a late trilogy continued in the Sophist and Statesman; famously it reaches no definition at all, ending in deliberate impasse.

    GRCELEN
  23. -360 Critias (Κριτίας)

    An unfinished late dialogue, broken off in mid-sentence and intended as the sequel to the Timaeus; its importance is almost entirely as the ancient origin of the Atlantis story.

    GRCEN
  24. -360 Sophist (Σοφιστής)

    The technical heart of the late trilogy, led by the Eleatic Stranger rather than Socrates; its solution to the puzzle of not-being is Plato's most sustained piece of pure logic and ontology.

    GRCEN
  25. -360 Statesman (Πολιτικός)

    The direct sequel to the Sophist, and the corpus's bridge from late metaphysics toward the legislation of the Laws; its claim that expert knowledge outranks written law reconsiders the Republic.

    GRCEN
  26. -360 Timaeus (Τίμαιος)

    Plato's one work of systematic cosmology, and by far his most influential in the Latin Middle Ages — for centuries the only dialogue available in the West, through Calcidius's partial translation.

    GRCEN
  27. -350 Eryxias (Ἐρυξίας)

    Classed among the spurious works and doubted since antiquity, this short dialogue on wealth is carried in the corpus under Plato's name but is very unlikely to be his.

    GRCEN
  28. -350 Laws (Νόμοι)

    Plato's longest and last dialogue, left unfinished at his death and the only one without Socrates; a practical, law-by-law counterpart to the ideal city of the Republic.

    GRCEN
  29. Philebus (Φίληβος)

    A late and technically demanding dialogue on whether pleasure or wisdom makes a life good; its exact place in the late group is unusually uncertain, and it is Plato's fullest ethics of pleasure.

    GRCELEN
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